Subchondral Sclerosis in Knee Osteoarthritis: How Mechanical Stress and Cellular Changes Drive Disease Progression
Subchondral sclerosis, a key feature of knee osteoarthritis, involves abnormal hardening and thickening of bone beneath the cartilage, worsening joint pain and stiffness. This article explains how mechanical stress and cellular activity—including changes in proteins like sclerostin and the role of inflammatory molecules—drive subchondral bone changes and osteoarthritis progression. Advances in imaging, especially the use of artificial intelligence, enhance early detection and disease monitoring. Additionally, novel treatments targeting the biological processes behind sclerosis are in development, offering hope for slowing disease progression and improving joint function. Understanding the interplay between physical stress and cellular mechanisms is essential for effective diagnosis and innovative treatment of knee osteoarthritis.
